Monthly Archieves: November 2022

In addition to the Design Register, which is maintained by the Intellectual Property Office, there are also provisions in the States of Guernsey for the protection of unregistered designs. The cost of registering designs is relatively low and the filing process is relatively quick (usually only one month), so registered designs are well suited for manufacturers seeking protection for products with short turnaround times. Applicants may defer publication of their design application for up to 12 months from the filing date, in order to obtain a filing date over time to market the product or, where appropriate, obtain a patent. We offer a comprehensive service for disputed and non-contentious design rights. If you think you have a problem with the right design, you can contact Roy Crozier directly via the details on the profile pages or by calling 0800 652 8025. Therefore, if your design is registered, you do not have to prove that your design was copied to prove the infringement. What you need to prove is a high degree of similarity between the registered design and the counterfeit design. Designs that are aesthetic or only about appearance may be subject to trademark or trade dress laws in addition to design rights. However, this may depend on each individual design. Official filing fees start at £40 for a deferred deposit and £60 for a standard deposit, but the legal fees for conducting relevant research and assisting with the deposit will be considerably higher. These rights contribute to the fact that the holder of the design is the only person who can benefit from the design application.

It can also help prevent cases of design violation. The design features of a product can be synonymous with a company`s brand image and image, and become an essential asset with monetary value. For example, Apple`s “I” products feature distinctive designs that differentiate their products from other MP3 players, mobile phones or tablets on the market. In the United Kingdom, designs are protected by three statutory rights: unregistered designs; Designs; and artistic copyright. A design registered in the United Kingdom gives the holder the exclusive right to make, offer, market, import, export, use or store any product to which the design has been applied or is incorporated. It also provides for the right to take legal action against other persons who may infringe the design and to claim damages for any infringement having an additional deterrent effect. The proprietor may also license the use of the design to third parties on terms commercially agreed in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man. Like trademark registrations, design rights can only be registered in the United Kingdom; or in the EU (via a single application to the European Intellectual Property Office); or worldwide through the World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO). As noted by the owners of the Trunki ride-on case design, it`s extremely important to consider the scope of what you`re recording and make sure it covers all the important features of the design you`re recording. For example, if the same basic drawing appears in different variants, such as the suitcase, where the same basic drawing can be presented in the form of different animals, it is advisable to save a number of drawings that show each variation.

As with trademarks, it`s important to conduct research to determine if there`s something identical or similar on the market. If the designs are considered new and no similar results are found, an application may be filed with the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office accompanied by representations of the design, including all relevant views to be protected (e.g. front, back and sides). A registered design protects the visual appearance of a product or object and gives you exclusive rights to that appearance to the extent that there is a legal right, if necessary, to prevent an unauthorized person from creating or using your design. These deadlines and dates are important to respect in patent litigation proceedings. For example, if a person claims that his patent rights are infringed by another party, his claim is unlikely to exist if it is established that his patent has actually expired. The right in an unregistered design is similar to copyright in that it results from the creation of a design. It protects the shape and configuration of the design of 3D objects from being copied by others.

As with copyright, the first owner of the unregistered design right in the United Kingdom is the creator of the design, unless the design is created in the course of a person`s employment, in which case the owner is the employer. These rights help deter others from infringing patents. A patent can be obtained by filing an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). This procedure is often detailed and requires many different requirements that must be met. A patent usually has a term of 20 years and can be used in various fields of technology and industry. Community law on unregistered designs grants protection to qualified designs only for three years, i.e. three years from the date on which they were first made available to the public in the Community. The scope of what can be protected under the unregistered Community design differs significantly from what can be protected under the unregistered design of the United Kingdom. For example, the unregistered Community design may include designs of colour, texture and materials. It aims to protect the appearance of a product and may include two-dimensional designs. It protects designs that are “new and have individual character”.

The person can also be prosecuted if they try to create a similar drawing based on the original drawing. However, various limitations are associated with it. This position represents a new change in the law. Prior to 2014, every “commissioned” design belonged to whoever commissioned it. This is no longer the case, so if someone who is not your employee designs a product on your behalf, it is important to make a written assignment of the design rights to that product to ensure that you get all relevant rights to it. For better protection, you can register your design. To do this, your design must meet the eligibility criteria of being new and having “individual character”. Designs which are determined solely by the technical function of the product in question or which are contrary to ordre public or morality may not be registered. The protection granted to the holder of an unregistered design is different from that granted to a registered design. When deciding whether or not to register your design, you should be carefully considered, along with the reference to the Bailiwick of Guernsey 2005. The Intellectual Property Office can provide you with public information on unregistered designs, but for advice on the interpretation of the law, it may be necessary to seek professional legal advice.

It will sometimes make economic sense to separate a design right within a separate business unit from the rest of a business. Should something happen to the entire company, control over design rights and future use can be maintained. In addition, the design right may be transferred to a commercial entity in a less taxed country where royalties or royalties may be collected. A registered design right is infringed if your design is reproduced by a third party. In the case of unregistered protection, you must prove that your design has been copied. Once the design rights have been obtained, they grant the holder design rights. This means that an external party can be sued if it uses the protected design without the owner`s permission.

Josh Dubin is President of Dubin Research and Consulting, Inc. (DRC), a Manhattan-based consulting firm specializing in jury selection, compelling visual aids, and litigation strategies for complex civil and criminal cases. Josh is perhaps considered the most important litigation strategy and jury advisor in the country, having received praise from some of the most accomplished members of the civil and criminal divisions. As an attorney and member of the Florida Bar, Josh regularly works with some of the most successful lawyers and law firms in the country, including Winston & Strawn, Quinn Emanuel, Holland & Knight, Gibson Dunn & Crutcher, Roy Black, Barry Scheck, Jay Eisenhofer, Jerry Shargel, Jerry Lefcourt and Peter Neufeld. His experience as an experienced litigator with a background in applied social psychology (focused on jury selection and group decision dynamics) has served as the foundation for DRC`s paradigm – providing sophisticated and original analytical advice, integrating the most innovative legal and social psychology strategies into the specific context of jury trials, disputes and alternative dispute resolution. Andrew Klein has been a trial technology consultant for over 20 years and has worked with lawyers on more than 200 disputes, arbitrations and hearings across the country. Andrew has worked on numerous high-profile securities, patents, and contracts matters, as well as class actions, torts and more. Recent prosecutions include State of New York et al. v. Deutsche Telekom Ag et al., Robert Kirkman, et al. v.

v. AMC Film Holdings LLC, et al., Melendres v. Arpaio et al. (Sheriff Joe Arpaio Contempt Hearing) and Starr v. United States. Andrew lectures and trains on electronic process presentations and has been a lecturer at Arizona State University College of Law. He has also written articles on electronic process presentations for several legal publications, including the New Jersey Law Journal. After attending the University of New Mexico and before entering the field of process support, Andrew worked as a sound engineer, producer and screenwriter and has extensive experience in sound editing. He found that this expertise has often been a useful tool for some studies.

Anna McEnroe is a litigation strategist at DRC. Anna assists with case taking, conducts legal research, analyzes jury and focus group research, and implements this analysis in litigation strategy recommendations. Anna has been interning at DRC for almost two years and works closely with process strategists in a variety of cases. Anna received her bachelor`s degree in English and political science from the University of Southern California and is currently in her final year of law school at Fordham University. Legal advisors are lawyers hired by law firms to assist them in a particular case or legal matter. They are often experts in a particular area of law, such as real estate, business, or healthcare. This qualifies them as advisors to companies that may not have much experience in a particular type of law. Legal advisors are responsible for advising clients on complex legal issues, clarifying the case and making suggestions for further action. Legal counsel usually advise only in private and not in the courtroom.

The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) is currently accepting proposals from individuals to act as independent contractors for various projects related to NACDL`s Capital Case Litigation Initiative (CCLI). Contractors may propose some or all of the following objectives: (1) to provide ongoing technical assistance to Capital Defence Teams that have participated in Bring Your Own Case (BYOC) training programs; (2) providing targeted training and technical assistance to defence offices with regard to representation in the capital; and (3) conducting web-based online training programs for Capital Defence Teams. Applicants must be either a lawyer licensed in their state, an organization of lawyers with extensive experience in handling death penalty cases, or have verifiable cases or thorough investigations of capital punishment. Candidates must have experience in training defenders in the capital. The advisors will act as NACDL training and assistance advisors on the death penalty, funded by the BJA Fellowship. Prior to joining DRC, Marleny worked at Ginarte Gallardo Gonzalez Winograd LLP as a legal secretary and receptionist, overseeing day-to-day operations and ensuring proper procedures and customer satisfaction. Marleny also worked at the San Carlos Hotel in Manhattan as a receptionist and concierge in customer service, where she professionally resolved all customer issues and complaints. Wendy DuBoff is an information design artist at DRC. After completing her master`s degree in computer animation at New York University, she taught 2D and 3D animation at NYU, Cooper Union, and Hunter College. Wendy spent the next few years hosting for various television and film companies in New York City, including four years as a graphic designer at CBS Network News, where she hosted shows such as CBS Sunday Morning, The Early Show, The Evening News, and CBSSports.com.

Wendy has recently focused on graphic design, including conceptual design, illustration and animation of visual demonstrations for several legal graphic organizations. As a print and digital designer, Wendy has worked with several national and international nonprofits, including the ALS Association of Greater New York City, Farm Sanctuary, RTI, and United Way. Deicy Cordero-Andrade is an information design artist at DRC. His areas of expertise include illustration, concept design and visual demonstrations for print and digital products. Prior to joining DRC, Deicy worked on a variety of projects as a freelance designer and paralegal at a personal injury law firm. Deicy received his Bachelor of Technology in Visual Communications from New York City College of Technology in Brooklyn. Yesenia has over ten years of experience in executive support and office management in various industries. Prior to joining DRC as Executive Assistant to Josh Dubin, she supported several executives at Ross Stores and led the training department at Safety Dynamics.

Yesenia graduated from SUNY Stony Brook with a BA in Linguistics and a double minor in Spanish and French. She holds certifications in interpretation and translation in medical and legal contexts and has volunteered as a patient interpreter at Mount Sinai Eye and Hearing Clinic in New York City. Prior to joining DRC, Greg worked for ten years as a litigator at an international law firm. He has represented national and multinational clients in a variety of complex litigation, with a particular focus on intellectual property and technology litigation. Greg has represented clients in state and federal courts across the country, as well as in various government agencies including ITC, FCC, FDA, and USPTO. His practice covered all aspects of case preparation and management, including preliminary inquiries, factual and expert investigations, process preparation and trials. Greg has also served as General Counsel for a legal aid organization, where he provided immigration, housing and labour services. He received his J.D. from Harvard Law School.

He recently co-authored a book called The Law of Juries for Thomson Reuters, which called him a “master strategist” and a “secret weapon.” His co-author, former US federal judge Nancy Gertner, congratulated him, saying: “He masters the details of the case perfectly, bringing not only the legal analysis, but also the teachings of social psychology, his multiple areas of expertise.” Jawad Amir Musa is a legal assistant in the DRC. A native of Baltimore, MD, he grew up in Baltimore`s Lexington Terrace housing project, portrayed in the HBO documentary series “The Wire.” In 1991, after several missteps in life, Jawad was sentenced to mandatory life for a nonviolent drug offense. With endless time, Jawad decided to retrain mentally and spiritually and spent most of his time in the prison`s education department, where he received university credits in business, management, business administration, and marketing. Jawad obtained 52 school certificates while in detention. He also found solace in the law library, where he worked as a trainee lawyer and became adept at writing legal requests for himself and others. Jawad also spent his time in prison caring for young inmates. After spending more than 29 years in prison, Jawad`s sentence was commuted by the President of the United States and he was released from prison on January 21, 2021. For the purposes of the training program and this grant, NACDL is supported by the National Consortium for Capital Defense Training (the “Consortium”). NACDL, in collaboration with partners and with the support of the consortium, coordinates bring your own case training programs for the capital`s defense teams, as well as curriculum development and refinement, trainer selection and materials development.

(f) `custody decision` means a court decision and court orders and instructions providing for custody of a child, including parental leave, but not a decision on child maintenance or any other financial obligation of a person. 1. the custody wishes of the child`s parents; But even if the court finds that domestic violence occurred, “it does not force a rigid presumption that, regardless of the nature or context of the family violence, a parent is unable to serve the best interests of the child.” The court will consider the nature and context of domestic violence and its impact on children`s safety, well-being and developmental needs. If “strong counter-evidence” is presented suggesting that sole custody is not in the best interests of the children, a court has the right to grant joint custody even if domestic violence has occurred. The granting of joint custody is not a ground for departing from the guidelines of section 518A.35. 7. There shall be no presumption of joint custody, except in the cases provided for in paragraph 9. Where to start? The main laws on custody of MNs are found in Chapter 518 of the Minnesota Regulations. Subd. 6. Departure from joint custody guidelines. When the court awards joint custody of a party`s objection, it makes detailed findings on each of the factors in that subsection and explains how the factors led the court to conclude that joint custody is in the best interests of the child. 1.

sole or joint custody of the minor children of the parties; In addition to the factors listed in paragraph 1, when considering or applying for joint legal custody or joint physical custody, the court shall consider the following relevant factors: (a) In assessing the best interests of the child for the purposes of deciding custody and parental leave issues, the court shall consider and evaluate all relevant factors. Includes: If you`re considering a changing of the guard, you`ll find the key law in Section 518.18 of the Minnesota Act. This law, in conjunction with the 1981 decision of the Minnesota Supreme Court in Nice-Petersen v. Nice-Petersen, provides a general overview of the standards associated with changing the guard in Minnesota. When a Minnesota court makes a custody decision, whether the issue arises in divorce proceedings or in separate proceedings, it must determine that its decision is in the “best interests of the child.” Minnesota does not define this term, but it does provide a list of factors that often influence a child`s “best interests.” In addition to custody decisions, the court must determine how much “parenting time” each parent should have. They can give one parent additional parental leave so they can care for the child while the other parent is at work. The Minnesota Supreme Court reviewed the requirements of this provision in a 2018 decision. Two dissenting judges considered the Minnesota legislature`s reasons for enacting the provision. Anthony Toepfer, a family lawyer in St. Cloud, Minnesota, represents people in some of the most difficult times of their lives.

He represents clients in divorce, custody and other family law matters, both inside and outside the courtroom. As a Toepfer at Law client, you always have access to up-to-date information about your case, and we are always available to answer your questions and concerns. Please contact us today via our website or call us at (320) 497-4416 to schedule a confidential consultation to discuss your case. The same Act also sets out the provisions that the judge must apply in order to benefit from the best interests of the child. For this reason, 518.17 is by far the most important law on the custody of MNs – by far. (a) When deciding on the nullity of a marriage or in proceedings for dissolution or separation or custody, the court shall make a new order which it considers just and proportionate in respect of: The District Court concluded that the father`s request for additional parental leave was partly due to the mother`s plan, Seeking care at school is not in the best interests of the child. According to the dissidents, this “implied that `quality child care` was superior to parental care.” They argue that this was not supported by the evidence and that it defeats the purpose of subsection 8. While dissent is not legally binding, it could influence future court decisions on the issue. (b) “Joint custody” means the equal rights and obligations of both parents, including the right to participate in important decisions that determine the child`s upbringing, including education, health care and religious education.

Under the 2015 amendments to the law, a court must make “detailed findings” on each of these twelve factors when deciding matters related to custody and parental leave. It must take into account all factors as well as other relevant factors that are not listed in the legislation. (a) “Custody” means the right to decide on the child`s upbringing, including education, health care and religious education. In deciding whether or not to grant joint custody, the court must assess, among other things, “the parents` ability to cooperate, their dispute resolution methods, and their willingness to use those methods.” Of course, these factors are assessed in the broader context of the best interests of the child, but the ability of the parents to cooperate is crucial to the custody decision. In fact, joint custody should only be granted if parents can deal in cooperation with parental decisions. If there is significant hostility between parents, if parents cannot communicate, or if parents use custody as a weapon against each other, it is obvious that the interests of children cannot be better accommodated by joint custody. The court assumes a rebuttable presumption that joint custody is in the best interests of the child at the request of one or both parties. However, the court must make a rebuttable presumption that joint legal or physical custody is not in the best interests of the child when domestic violence within the meaning of section 518B.01 has occurred between the parents. As noted earlier, state law requires a court to make “detailed findings” about the twelve “best interest” factors when deciding on custody and parental leave. In Hansen, the father argued that the District Court erred in failing to make detailed submissions when it rejected his application for additional parental leave. The Court of Appeal upheld the District Court`s decision, ruling that the requirement for “detailed submissions” applied only to “substantial changes” to a parenting plan, whereas the husband`s request was only for “minor changes and clarifications.” Determining a parent`s parental leave percentage usually involves calculating the number of overnight visits with the child. It may also include other periods of physical custody if the child and parent are together.

If one parent is entitled to two overnight visits per week, plus a few extra hours in the evenings or weekends, this probably accounts for at least twenty-five per cent of the other parent`s parental leave. The time the child is in school is usually not counted in the total amount, even if the parent has custody during this period. (9) the mental and physical health of all the persons involved; except that a disability within the meaning of section 363A.03 of a proposed guardian or of the child is not determinative of custody of the child, unless the proposed custody agreement is not in the best interests of the child; (c) “physical care and residence” means the routine daily care and the follow-up and residence of the child. (e) When used in this chapter, the term “custodial parent” or “guardian” means the person who has physical custody of the child at any given time. and (3) their support. In determining custody, the court considers the best interests of each child and does not favour one parent over the other solely on the basis of the sex of the parent. (5) A disability alone within the meaning of section 363A.03 of a proposed guardian or of the child is not decisive for custody of the child.

This is a legal advisory role to an established multinational logistics and transport company. The Group`s legal team is a progressive and forward-thinking team committed to providing a high level of service to all clients. This is a great opportunity for you to help the General Counsel manage and oversee the legal aspects of growing the global business. As the organization grows, they are looking for legal advisors to join the team. This position reports to the General Counsel of the Group. This is an exciting opportunity to be the first legal counsel to a renowned international focused retail company. They report to the company`s CFO of Singapore and help manage the company`s legal affairs, from contract drafting to compliance with the latest laws and regulations. In addition, you will have the opportunity to work closely with other companies in Southeast Asia, Japan and Australia. This is a great opportunity for you to lead compliance-related programs, from planning to execution to review, including global communications. Legal and Compliance Counsel reports to the Deputy Managing Director and provides the necessary legal and compliance advice to business units. As a subject matter expert, you will work closely with various business units to support compliance and contract negotiations. In the increasingly fast-paced world of national, regional and international affairs, the role of a legal advisor in a business has become extremely important.

Their advice and input can make a huge difference in how a business operates and, of course, prevent them from making decisions with serious legal implications. No wonder companies in all industries work so hard to attract the right people to their legal departments. One of the world`s largest technology companies is looking for a senior consultant with a strong background in payment and licensing to lead a 4-person team in Singapore. This is a unique opportunity to be part of a publicly traded infrastructure investment holding company dealing with corporate and commercial matters. A newly created internal position as Legal Counsel reporting directly to the Singapore-based Chief Strategy Officer. You will be the holding company`s first legal advisor and will be responsible for establishing the first legal department and eventually leading the department as the organisation continues to expand into the ASEAN market. This is a newly created position in a crypto-finance startup. As General Counsel, you will provide legal support to businesses in a wide range of legal matters, from contract negotiation to litigation.

You manage and prioritize multiple internal and external customer requests, transactions and projects. This role is suitable for legal candidates who benefit from a fast, dynamic, and fast crypto finance/fintech space. This is a great opportunity to join the legal team and support the different business units in Singapore in retail, delivery and production. As a senior member of the legal team, you will support the company in legal matters. In addition, you will be connected with global legal teammates for support and sharing of best practices. This role reports to the Head of Legal Affairs and Compliance, based in Singapore. There are a number of specific positions similar to those of Legal Counsel, such as Senior Legal Counsel, Legal Counsel, Chief Legal Officer, Junior Legal Counsel, and Legal Executive. These tend to be highly desirable roles, and it`s easy to see why. Companies that want to stay on the right side of the law are willing to offer attractive salaries, impressive bonuses and very pleasant working conditions in order to attract the best of the best. Our client, a growing technology with exciting cutting-edge projects around the world, is looking for legal advisors to join its dynamic legal team. As a legal advisor in all areas of activity, you must understand the industry, have a thorough knowledge of local and international law, and be able to identify, interpret and communicate potential issues on behalf of your employers.

This can be an extremely stressful role due to the importance of the work you do, but the rewards can make the pressure more than worthwhile. A job alert helps you stay ahead of the competition when suitable roles emerge, and it only takes a moment or two to create one. Michael Page are experienced recruiters with a significant presence in Singapore, so send us your CV for review. We look forward to hearing from you. This is an exciting opportunity to join the global legal team responsible for executing investments in portfolio companies around the world, addressing a variety of topics including investing, fundraising, expansion and day-to-day operations. You will report to the General Counsel and have access to a variety of areas of work, including fund training and administration, the pre-seed investment cycle, commercial contracts and intellectual property. Send us your CV to register with us and we will contact you if a suitable position becomes available. This is an exciting opportunity to join our client as in-house counsel in the Singapore office to ensure the firm operates in compliance with Singapore`s financial, technology, employment, trade and compliance laws and regulations. This role reports to the Class General Counsel and seeks individuals with a solid understanding of financial services and business experience. If you are looking for such a position in Singapore, you will be impressed by the variety of job openings available at any given time.

Those with the experience and talent can expect to find vacancies in almost every industry, including: Our client is a leading investment bank with a diversified portfolio of investments across multiple sectors. Due to the company`s growth and portfolio expansion, they are looking for legal counsel to be part of a Singapore-based team that supports global operations. Create a job alert to receive job offers in legal advice by email as soon as they are available Another additional advantage is that your skills can be easily transferred from one sector to another. If you have a good knowledge of the law, it won`t be a problem for you to move from a construction role to a retail role, for example. As always, if you`d like to discuss your possible options, we`d love to hear from you.

The administrative competence of the Council, as one of the three main organs of public administration (the other two being the Audit Chamber and the Hellenic Legal Council), is governed by Article 95 of the Constitution of 1974/1985/2001 and consists in drawing up all decrees, i.e. all decrees containing impersonal legislation (or concerning a particular person). This preparation is entrusted to the Fifth Chamber (B`) of the Council, which in these cases is composed of three or five members. The Chamber may, at its discretion, refer the matter to the plenary assembly of nine members. Referral is mandatory for the Chamber when assessing the constitutionality of the legislation relating to the decree (Article 100 of the Constitution after the 2001 amendment). In accordance with the case law of the French Council of State, the Council refuses to examine the legality of certain administrative acts known as “governmental acts”. The Council comprises this limited category: the Council is headed by its President, who is elected by the Greek Cabinet from among the members of the Council for a four-year term. The Court is composed of the Presidium (the President and seven Vice-Presidents), 42 Privy Councillors, 48 Associate Judges and 50 Rapporteurs, all graduates of the National School of the Judiciary. Recent amendments include revisions and additions to the articles providing for retroactivity of criminal law (article 2), types of offences (article 18), questions of attribution (articles 26-28), questions of trial (article 43), questions of criminal association (article 45), questions of contribution (article 47), calculation of penalties and penalties (articles 79-104B and articles 105-110). Crimes against the State (Articles 134 to 137 bis), criminal organisations (Article 187), acts of terrorism (Article 187 bis), bribery of officials and judges (Articles 235 to 237), dangerous driving (Article 290 bis) and theft (Article 372). The Council is the head of the system of administrative jurisdiction and constitutes the Supreme Administrative Court. The Council has before it the following legal remedies: In Greece, the courts are divided into administrative, civil and criminal courts. Disputes of an administrative nature are dealt with by the Council of State (Simboulio tis Epikratias or STE) and the ordinary administrative courts (courts of first instance and courts of appeal).

Disputes of a civil nature and voluntary jurisdiction fall within the jurisdiction of the civil courts. The punishment of criminal offences and the adoption of all measures provided for in criminal law fall within the competence of the criminal courts. The Court of Cassation or Supreme Court of Civil and Criminal Law (Areios Pagos) is the supreme court of civil and criminal law. This is the highest degree of judicial redress and only considers legal and non-factual issues. Greece has concluded bilateral agreements on mutual legal assistance with Germany (11 May 1938), the Czech Republic and Slovakia (22 October 1980) and Cyprus (5 March 1984). The drafting of decrees by the Council is limited to the legality lato sensu (and constitutionality of the relevant legislation) of the decrees, while the respective review by the French Council of State is limited to the content of the context of the decree established. Divergent channels (bilateral or multilateral agreements or national law authorizing other transmission channels) (art. 11, 19, 24 and 25) Law 4446/2016, also known as the Insolvency Code, laws on administrative procedures, court fees, voluntary disclosure of taxable information from previous years, electronic transactions, amendments to Law 4270/2014 and other provisions. Greece stated that formal service would only take place if the document to be served was in Greek. The most significant change was in 2015, which amended more than 350 articles of the Code of Civil Procedure. Other important reforms were introduced by Law 4512/2018 (mainly with regard to the provisions relating to the enforcement of judgments) and Law 4727/2020 (on Digital Governance). Since January 2015, two parliamentary elections have been held, interrupted by a month-long transitional government (August-September 2015).

Sy. RICE.A. (Coalition of the Radical Left), the party that won both elections, held a national referendum on July 5, 2015 to decide whether Greece should accept bailout conditions proposed by the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank. The result of the referendum was contrary to the rescue conditions. The Greek vote did not accept the conditions. However, the referendum appeared to have been consultative and not decisive, and so the Greek government continued negotiations with the Troika. In Greece, the Council of State (Greek: Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) is the supreme administrative court of Greece. Another important code is the Access to Official Documents Code (adopted in 2015 and revised in 2019). It is important to note that corporate legislation has changed recently.

Law 4548/2018 (as last amended by Law 4714/2020) introduced significant changes and repealed almost all provisions of the previous Law 2190/1920. Law 3604/2007 and Laws 3884/2010 and 4072/2012 had previously amended the Companies Act of 2190/1920. The objective of the first two laws was to codify recent changes in company law and to incorporate the amendments introduced by Directive 2006/68/EC. In particular, Law 4072/2012 (amended by Law 4712/2020) amended the rules on “personal companies” and introduced the European private company (Societas Privata Europaea). Another more recent addition has been the General Register of Commerce (Geniko Emporiko Mitroo), the aim of which is to unify and expedite procedures relating to the incorporation, change of form of companies and dissolution of companies. Finally, Law 4601/2019 was introduced to regulate business transformations and restructurings. Maria Panezi has been an Assistant Professor at UNB Law since August 2019. She received her LLB from the University of Athens in 2005 and her LL.M. from NYU Law in 2006; She was admitted to the Athens Bar in 2007. She received her Ph.D. from Osgoode Hall Law School, during which time she also served as an associate professor and teaching assistant at Osgoode Hall and a visiting scholar at Harvard Law School.

She received her PhD in 2015 and became a fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation. She was also Director of the Summer Institute of Law at the Balsillie School of International Affairs (2019). Maria`s research focuses on international trade regulation and various aspects of inclusive trade and the SDGs. Specifically, she has written on issues related to the WTO and national climate change strategies; Trade and gender equality as well as government procurement and Indigenous exceptions in trade agreements. His teaching interests include contract law, law, international trade law, international law, globalization and law. [1] Greece has not acceded to the Hague Conventions of 1905 and 1954 and has therefore not concluded additional agreements with other Contracting States. Law 4356/2015 introduced same-sex cohabitation agreements (civil partnership agreements). The provisions of the Civil Code relating to marriage between two persons of different sexes now also apply to same-sex couples who have concluded a same-sex cohabitation agreement. Administrative procedure: In administrative proceedings, the most important legal provisions are the Code of Administrative Procedure, which concerns administrative courts, and the Presidential Decree regulating the functioning of the Council of State. Thanks to a complex system of allocation of issues, disputes are brought either by the administrative courts (courts of first instance or courts of appeal) or by the Council of State.

If a foreign lawyer who is a qualified person is qualified to practice in a common law jurisdiction and has two years of relevant legal experience, he or she may apply for an exemption so that he or she can obtain a full licence after passing Part A of the Singapore Bar Examinations. Civil litigation is the formal legal proceedings that take place when the court challenge relates to a civil matter and when the matter involves your private rights and responsibilities. Axiom is revolutionizing legal workforce solutions in Singapore and beyond. We know you don`t just want to fill an empty seat at the table – you`re looking for a smart, accomplished and highly skilled lawyer with the experience to get it right the first time. As Singapore`s leading legal headhunters, we can connect you with highly experienced legal advisors from a wide range of industries. Our law firm offers one of the most diverse pools of candidates in the legal field. Yuen Law LLC is a full-service boutique law firm dedicated to providing thorough, practical and cost-effective legal advice to clients on commercial, corporate, intellectual property, family, personal property and litigation matters. In Singapore, the husband has the legal responsibility and duty to provide for the wife or ex-wife or to contribute to her maintenance (e.g. reasonable costs of accommodation, clothing, food and education). A foreign lawyer may obtain a limited licence to provide advisory services in foreign and international law (i.e. to become a foreign legal advisor). Here are some common legal questions we can help with: Our firm is built on the philosophy of integrity, honesty, compassion and excellence – core values that guide our practice and relationships.

Our lawyers provide intelligent legal advice with a touching, empathetic and agile approach. In order to provide advisory services in foreign and international law, a foreign legal advisor is not obliged, but may enter into a business relationship with local lawyers. Get free legal advice and answer your questions. Need more help? Find out how you can hire our lawyers to advise you. Axiom is the world`s leading provider of alternative legal services. With over 2,000+ employees on three continents, we offer the talent and technology to help legal departments adapt to a challenging new era. A civil action is brought either by you or by a company and organization with their own legal personality. A foreign lawyer registered under Section 130K of the AHR Act and Rule 18 of the LPIS 2008 may practice foreign law and international law in Singapore or from Singapore at the law firm where he or she is registered. He or she cannot practice Singaporean law in any area of legal practice, however, there are no restrictions in the areas of foreign law and international law in which a foreign lawyer may practice. | PQE: 10+ years| Legal specialty: commercial and contract law| Clients Served So far: Asset Management Organisation, Global E-Commerce Provider “Axiom pays attention to detail; They are not trying to force the role that presents itself. You`re really looking for the alignment of skills, talent, and personality. The whole process has a personal touch, from identifying a new role to actually creating that position.

A court will only grant your petition for divorce if you can prove that there is an “irretrievable breakdown” of your marriage. The Dispute Resolution team handles all disputes, including complex commercial matters before the courts. In determining the amount of maintenance to be paid by the husband, the court usually tries to place the husband and wife in the financial situation they would be in had the marriage not failed. Foreign lawyers may request exemptions from one or more of these requirements, and these appeals will be considered on a case-by-case basis. Senior Director, Corporate Practice Group Team Leader (Regulatory and Securities) According to the LPIS 2008 rules, the rules of the legal profession (professional conduct) with amendments apply only to foreign lawyers practising Singaporean law. The husband`s obligation to support his ex-wife usually ends when the ex-wife remarries or when he dies (whichever comes first). If you have any doubts, you can send us an email to inquiry@yuenlaw.com.sg for clarification. Our lawyers advise companies on incorporation, transaction and strategic matters – from corporate secretarial and corporate structuring to contract drafting and negotiation and compliance issues. The court decides how much alimony to pay, taking into account these factors: write us an SMS or call us via Whatsapp and request your free 30-minute consultation.

The federal and state governments have recognized a student`s need for school safety. Several states have passed anti-bullying laws, including California, Arkansas and Colorado, aimed at making schools safe for learning. In addition, the federal government has laws such as the First Amendment, the Establishment Clause, and others designed to ensure that school districts provide all citizens, including students, with equal protection of federal and state constitutional rights. Bullying and sexual harassment in public schools are not new. But unfortunately, cell phones and social media sites have proven to be powerful weapons for school bullies. While virtually all schools prohibit bullying and harassment, at least within the school or district, some states have passed laws to protect students. This means that schools can be held liable for damages caused by bullying or harassing other students and teachers. The Supreme Court has ruled that students attending public schools do not exercise their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the school gate. (Tinker vs.

Des Moines School Dist. 393 U.S. 503, which defends the right of students to wear black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War). While students enjoy First Amendment freedoms, their rights may be limited. Over the years, there has been a plethora of free speech lawsuits involving public schools. The Court held that certain types of speech, including the wearing of certain religious clothing and symbols (e.g. T-shirts with suggestive language or a necklace with the symbol of a cross) and participation in groups or associations should be used in a way that reconciles a student`s right to freedom of expression with a school`s need to provide a safe learning environment. Under the NCLB, schools were rewarded with high-performing students, while schools with students who did not meet NCLB test standards were restructured. Parents of children in low-performing schools are allowed to send their children to higher-performing schools in other districts. Since 2011, states have been allowed to obtain an NCLB exemption if they agree to implement other serious educational reforms regarding their academic standards, assessments, and accountability systems.

Safe schools are an important issue. It is not only important that students feel safe in their school environment, but also for the growth of their learning. If you are a parent, guardian or educator who has concerns about school safety, you can contact your school district and ask if there are any safety policies and guidelines. If not, you may want to contact a lawyer to learn more about a particular law. If a complaint has been filed about a student bullying someone`s child and the school is not taking satisfactory action, parents may be able to formally prosecute any party involved who is responsible for the bullying or who allows the bullying. Public schools are required to report any cases of bullying or abuse of children to the relevant authorities. You must also provide students with a learning environment free from bullying, harassment and other dangerous situations. Yes, it is important to have the support of an experienced government lawyer for all legal matters with public schools and school districts. It can be difficult to continue a school or school district, given the limited circumstances in which this is possible. In addition, most government agencies enjoy state immunity.

Each state has its own education system, and as a result, laws on school administration, teachers, and funding for public schools vary from state to state. However, all U.S. public education systems are overseen by the federal government through the U.S. Department of Education. Created by FindLaw`s team of writers and legal writers| Last updated: 20. June 2016 It is important to note that a public school, as a state institution, may be able to invoke limited state immunity from a claim. These immunities vary from State to State. State bodies, including public schools, enjoy immunity to protect them from claims arising from situations arising from the nature of the institution`s work. There is a growing number of complaints stemming from the failure of some schools to ensure the safety of students on school grounds.

Under the theory of “ownership responsibility”, users and owners of land (including schools) are required by law to keep premises safe for those who are legally allowed to stay there. The law generally requires owners and users of land to exercise “due diligence” to create a safe environment on their premises. However, since schools are typically used by young children, the law requires greater caution in situations where students are present. The Education of Persons with Disabilities Act (IDEA) is the main special education law that gives children with disabilities equal access to the education system. Disabilities under IDEA include intellectual disability, autism, visual impairment, speech impairment, hearing impairment, emotional impairment, traumatic brain injury, learning disability, and other legally defined impairments. IDEA allows students with special needs to have individualized educational plans developed. In addition, IDEA provides an impartial administrative procedure for families of students with disabilities to resolve disputes with the school district. Education lawyers may work for local school districts, where they deal with issues such as school management, student records, collective bargaining, and student discipline. Many lawyers working in nonprofits and advocacy groups represent children and families or focus on broader policy issues related to education reform through legislation and advocacy. The Education Act is the federal and state law that covers teachers, school districts, school boards, and the students they teach.

Although the public school system is administered by the Federal Department of Education, the states are responsible for the maintenance and operation of public schools in accordance with state and federal laws. Education laws regulate accountability, curriculum standards, testing procedures, school funding, financial support for students, constitutional rights such as prayer at school and limits on student expression on school grounds, and school safety. Parents of injured children can sue a school or school district for contributing to the harm caused to a student or for failing to ensure the safety of school premises. This can include common situations where a child falls or is injured in any way due to a school`s neglect, but can also include situations where a child is being bullied, harassed or sickened and the school is not helping the student or controlling the situation. In most cases, a person must file a complaint against the responsible parties and exhaust all administrative options before filing a civil suit. The requirements for filing such complaints vary from state to state. Some states also require a claims report, which is a statement that identifies the legal cause of a person`s action, such as discrimination or failure to prevent injury. Other problems that may arise at school include the fact that the school does not prevent bullying and does not comply with applicable disability laws. As parents, it is important to understand what the rights of a person and their child are so that, if necessary, they can advocate for their child`s rights to education in a safe school environment.

Whatever the situation, most parents would agree that their ultimate goal when sending their child to school is to give them the opportunity to learn in a safe, peaceful and secure environment.

In this article, we share with you the updated information about the legal drinking age in South Korea that you may need to know. While 19 may seem like a strange age to drink, it`s the same as in many Asian countries – for example, it`s close to the drinking age in Japan. In most countries around the world – with the exception of the United States, where the legal drinking age is 21 – 18 is the norm. So South Korea is somewhere in the middle. But if you`re new to the Seoul clubbing scene and don`t know what to expect, there are a few tips, like how Koreans flirt and which clubs are best for your age group. The legal drinking age in South Korea is 19. Many people here are usually not asked to give their identity until they can drink in local bars and restaurants or simply buy alcohol in a supermarket. Especially if you live outside of Seoul, you can be sure that the legal rules regarding the minimum drinking age will be enforced even less strictly. Drink I can almost guarantee that they will not identify you, Clubbing: No, they will identify you and you will not be able to enter until January 1, 2019 While many people really like to drink beer or soju, the legal drinking age in Korea can be confusing compared to other countries, because as we know, Korean age is different from international age.

that you could use in your country. I am planning a trip to Korea with friends in late 2017/early 2018, my date of birth is 30.06.2000. Can I go to clubs and drink in Korea? Although the legal drinking age is not strictly enforced in South Korea, keep in mind that it is always best to follow the law when you are abroad. Underage drinking is somewhat limited by bartenders` reluctance to serve alcoholic beverages to young people. If you are a foreigner traveling to South Korea and visiting certain bars or nightclubs, especially in Seoul, you can be sure that they will ask for your identity, passport or proof of age before you can enter these bars and nightclubs. If you work as a U.S. military in South Korea or are currently stationed in South Korea, the legal drinking age is actually 21, which is your international age. However, keep in mind that the Korean age system is slightly different – for Koreans, you have 1 year old once you are born. This means that the drinking age for international visitors is actually 19. Meanwhile, the legal drinking age for U.S. soldiers stationed in Korea is 21. This is different with the local legal drinking age for ordinary people in South Korea, as South Korea enforces and follows U.S.

law regarding the legal drinking age of the U.S. military stationed in South Korea. The dress code differs depending on where you are clubbing. Hongdae club lovers wear a more casual streetwear uniform (think hypebeast aesthetic), while Gangnam clubs are stricter and guys have to appear in suits. The usual dress code still applies; Women should avoid open shoes, and men should not wear shorts. Make sure you are of legal drinking age in Korea for your own safety and the safety of others. However, you can still enjoy a great time and fun nightlife in South Korea, whether you can drink alcohol or not, because there are many other things besides drinking in South Korea. If you are still wondering about the legal drinking age using the international age, then the legal drinking age in Korea for foreigners using the international age counting system is about 19 for most people. With this list of clubbing tips in mind, it`s time to fend off those soju bombs and party in Seoul! As you see in Korean drama or Korean movie, they almost always drink soju or maekju as a drink for everything they eat during lunch or especially dinner. Beer really helps us relax, especially after our hectic and stressful time at work, it really helps us sleep better and let go of our anxiety and problems. The legal drinking age in South Korea is not enforced as strictly as in Western countries such as the United States or the United Kingdom. Eat KBBQ for dinner near clubbing hot spots to fill your stomach before drinking.

Get drunk with soju bombs at the restaurant or go to the nearest supermarket (U.C. and 7-11) for ~S$1 soju bottled. Just make sure you follow the rules and if you are not of legal drinking age in South Korea, make sure you don`t try to break the rules, follow them and make sure everyone including you is sure you don`t want to have a problem with the government when traveling or studying in South Korea. As in many other countries, you must show that you have reached a certain age before you can buy alcohol or enter certain bars and clubs, whether you are Korean or foreign traveling or living only in South Korea. South Korea, especially Seoul, is really known for its lively and crazy nightlife and drinking culture almost everywhere in every restaurant, especially in the chicken coop. Many people usually have a few beers or soju at the supermarket and spend time with friends at home or other places just to have good conversations. Before we tell you about the legal drinking age in Korea, you must first understand the age counting system we use in Korea. In South Korea, everyone internationally is one to two years older than the age of birth. Have you ever had a tricky situation when it comes to drinking or entering bars or clubs in Korea? Let us know in the comments below! To be more precise and precise, starting on January 1 of the year in which he reaches the age of 20, every adult can legally drink alcohol, since everyone adds a year at the beginning of the new year of each year. On 29.06.2019 you would be legally 18 years old, but in terms of calendar you would be 20 years old. Age in South Korea is traditionally calculated by year of birth, not exact date of birth, so by midnight on January 1, the more than 51 million people who live here actually live an extra year. For those who reach the age of 20 in Korea, the legal drinking age is midnight, when the door opens for nights when clubs and soju shots are legally shot.

The simplest answer to this question is that the legal drinking age in South Korea is 20, using the Korean counting age. This also applies to all nightclubs in Korea. This means that the year you can drink alcohol is exactly the year you can enter most nightclubs in South Korea. Otherwise, every South Korean ages a year every day of the Lunar New Year. However, solar New Year`s Day is recognized instead of Lunar New Year for most people living in modern South Korea. “I`m just sad for them,” said Park Hyo Ju, a biologically aged 34-year-old law student. In bustling Seoul neighborhoods like Hongdae and Gangnam, going out late for the first time — and legally — is a “big deal,” she said.

Child support is a regular financial contribution made to cover a child`s living expenses. This includes things like food, clothing, school supplies, and other daily necessities. Does receiving child support affect my benefits? The number of eligible children determines the percentage of the first £800 of remaining income that the paying parent pays as child support. If you and your ex-partner have children, you will have to continue to pay their expenses after the breakup. And often, that means one parent pays the other. You can arrange this between you or, if you can`t agree, ask the child support service to charge the amount. Family maintenance contracts are not legally binding. Courts generally do not have the power to issue child support orders, so a party would have to file an application with the Child Support Service (CMS) in the event of a dispute. Child Maintenance Options is a free service established by the Government`s Department for Work and Pensions. It can provide impartial advice on everything related to the conclusion of a family maintenance contract and can refer parents to other organisations specialising in housing, employment and financial assistance. The child support calculator shows you what the government is likely to work for you. if DNA testing is not appropriate – such as if the child was born as a result of IVF treatment You could pay child support for other children under both: Once it knows the payor parent`s gross weekly income, CMS applies one of five rates to determine how much the parent should pay in child support. Prices are shown in the table below.

The child is under the age of 16 or under the age of 20 and is in an accredited education – called an “eligible child” Evidence You were in another country when the child was probably conceived You may be treated as the child`s parent if: Non-resident parent/payor parent – The parent who does not have day-to-day care for the child and pays support to the resident parent or recipient. If you have agreed on the amount of child support, the CMS will send you and the other parent a payment plan for the year. This indicates when you need to make payments. It includes all the support payments you should have paid since the other parent applied for the CMS. The amount of child support is reduced for each child who spends time with the paying parent. You will not be treated as a parent if the child has been adopted by someone else since your separation. You can use this calculator to calculate the amount of child support for your children. Your data will not be passed on to the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). General information about legal aid is also available from NI Advice: If you are unable to make child support arrangements with the other parent, you can apply for child support. You should keep a diary of when the child stays with you to help you with the issue of overnight stays.

Child support can help your child`s well-being and the quality of family relationships. If both parents share equal care, neither parent can pay child support. If you cannot afford the costs, you may be entitled to legal aid through legal aid. You can arrange child support with the other parent by negotiating with them directly or through your lawyer. You can save it in a private agreement form available under Child support options (see Helpful contacts). If possible, you should make sure your child is cared for by having effective child support. Both parents are legally responsible for the financial costs of raising their children, including parents who do not live with their children. The maintenance department checks for items that may change the amount of gross income (such as pension payments or other children who support them). Then they convert the annual gross income into a weekly figure. If both parents have more than one child together, the agreement must include all children. Parents who have children with more than one person must make separate arrangements with each of the other parents. Maintenance contracts concluded by means of an agreement are not legally enforceable.

This means that if the non-resident parent decides to reduce or stop their child support, you cannot force them to comply with the agreement. If the non-resident parent no longer pays or reduces child support, you must contact the child support service. The non-resident parent does not have to make payments until you contact the child support service. In some cases, support agreements can be made directly through the courts. This is more likely to happen when there are extenuating circumstances and parents cannot agree on payments such as additional tuition fees to be paid if the child has a disability, if one or both parents have a high income (usually more than £156,000 a year) or if the paying parent lives abroad. If you end up having to make a court-ordered settlement, you`ll likely need to factor in attorneys` fees as well as court costs. Not to mention the time you might need to do the work to organize this. You also don`t have to pay through CMS if you`re already paying child support: child support doesn`t affect your Social Security benefits. However, you must inform the relevant benefit fund of the maintenance you are receiving. It`s important that you have conversations about money with your kids, as well as with your partner, family, friends, and other people in your life.

To help you, we`ve launched a new phase of our Couch to Financial Fitness plan, which includes simple steps to kick-start those conversations and boost your financial confidence and well-being. However, such an agreement is not legally binding, meaning there is no legal way for one parent to dispute the other if they have not maintained their payments. To get an idea of how much child support you are paying or should receive, use the child support calculator on the GOV. UK website if you are paying child support for other children not named in the application form Child support may stop sooner – for example, if one of the parents dies or if the child is no longer entitled to child support. If the paying parent`s remaining gross weekly income is more than £800, they will also pay a percentage of this additional amount. This may differ if the paying parent and the receiving parent share custody of the eligible children. Parents who cannot agree on child support can use a mediator. This is an independent person who can provide information about children and financial matters and facilitate constructive discussion between litigious parents. Consent orders are used when parents are divorcing or dissolving a registered civil partnership and want a legal document setting out the terms of their settlement.

The use of electric drovers has been discussed by many people. [3] [4] Organizations such as PETA claim that the use of drovers is both mentally and physically harmful. [5] Most farmers say that the brief shock is painstakingly felt and quickly forgotten. [6] In Fargo, a television crime series based on the film of the same name, a flirt is repeatedly used as a weapon against humans in season 2. [21] [22] Today`s livestock conductors are designed with a high voltage and current range. When stronger prickles are applied continuously to the skin, the current eventually causes the skin to heat up, burn, burn and heal at the point of contact. Electric prods seduced torturers. [8] In Margaret Atwood`s 1985 novel The Handmaid`s Tale, and the 2017 adaptation of the television series Hulu, aunts use the drovers to control the maids, a class of fertile women who replace the ruling commanders. [ref.

needed] These sample phrases are automatically selected from various online information sources to reflect the current use of the word “bovine prod”. The views expressed in the examples do not represent the views of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us your feedback. Animal rights activists have listed several reasons why you shouldn`t use a dredger against animals. They claim that this weakens the cattle`s immune system and may also reduce their chances of reproduction due to the stress caused by the flirt. They also claim that drivers are counterintuitive because cattle shocked by a dragger are only more aggressive and stubborn the next time they try to steer them. In Ridley Scott`s 1979 horror film Alien, Ellen Ripley and her team attempt to catch an escaped Xenomorph with the help of a cattle dragger. [ref. needed] The cheapest place to buy a drover is here on Amazon. At the time of writing, the dragger costs about $100. No, since you can freely buy drovers from verified sellers in the United States, it is 100% legal to have a flirt.

Although some animal rights activists are pushing to make the drovers illegal, they haven`t made much progress. This is because drovers are essentially like electric fences in a stick and electric fences are never banned. In the 1991 PBS episode American Experience in Coney Island in the early 20th century, guests were exposed to a dwarf clown who shocked guests with an electric dragger. [ref. needed] Electric shock devices, including drovers, have been used as coercive control over autistic and mentally handicapped people. [10] [11] Famous proponents of this practice are Matthew Israel and Ivar Lovaas. [12] The use of electric shock in this manner has been condemned as torture by the UN Special Rapporteur, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned all such electric shock devices in 2020.

[13] Cattle can be difficult to move and steer for a variety of reasons. Prods can be useful for moving stubborn or aggressive animals,[18] but cattle often do not move forward when they are afraid of something they see, hear, or smell. Eliminating these distractions or hiding places, such as with fixed wall partitions, can significantly reduce problems when handling animals,[19] However, livestock handlers cannot completely overcome the animal`s decision not to continue. Before the development of stun guns and the Taser, electric chaosoirs were also used to varying degrees in humans. Their first joint use with humans occurred during the civil rights movement of the 1960s; The prods were first used by police officers in Alabama to use them against protesters, and elsewhere followed; Hotshot then developed an electric police baton. [9] In the world premiere of the 2022 film Jackass Forever, Johnny Knoxville uses a flirt to kick Sami Zayn out of the premiere while she is in the middle of his Kayfabe feud in WWE. By studying the psychology of animals and redesigning the working environment, it is possible to treat animals without brute force and inflict pain and suffering on the animal in many, but not all, cases. It works with very high voltage and low current to maximize pain and minimize physical traces of the victim. Its advantages over other torture devices include that it is portable and easy to use, allowing the torturer to locate electric shocks in the most sensitive areas of the body, where they cause severe pain that can be repeated several times.

In the early 90s, WWE wrestler The Mountie used a cattle flirt aka shock stick on his opponents. In WCW, wrestler Scott Hall used a drover on wrestler Bill Goldberg in his match against Kevin Nash at Starrcade in 1998. [ref. Cattle drivers can be found as usable weapons in the video games Fallout, Fallout 2 and Fallout: New Vegas, the latter revolving around the agricultural society in the American Southwest. [ref. needed] In the 2017 film The Shape of Water, a flirt plays an important role. It is the weapon of choice used by the main adversary, Colonel Strickland, who carries it with him all the time. Strickland uses drag to torture both a captured amphibious man and a Soviet spy. [ref.

needed] In the mid-1970s, the stun gun appeared. It looks like a weapon, but instead of using bullets, it uses electricity. Originally used by law enforcement. And cattle drift was invented by Robert J. Kleberg Jr. It works by controlling the movement of the stove with a low current but high voltage electric shock. It is also used for other farm animals. The principle of operation is similar to that of the Taser stun gun. A cattle driver, also known as a stick or hot stick, is a handheld device commonly used to move livestock or other farm animals by hitting or pushing.

An electric dragger is a stick with electrodes at the end that is used to move cattle through a relatively high voltage and low current electric shock. The electric dredger is said to have been invented by Texas cattle baron Robert J. Kleberg, Jr.[1][2] of King Ranch around 1930, although versions were sold as early as 1917. In Bottom, a British TV sitcom, episode 2 of season 3 (Terror) uses a homemade wanderer to convince people to hand over money during Halloween. [ref. needed] Stun guns are great for letting a bad guy know you`re serious. As a descendant of the flirt, the stun gun can be used to deter human threats as well as violent animals. They allow you a good distance from a normal stun gun. Having one on you can provide a higher level of security.

You should never shock an animal with a wet dredger, as this may cause a fatal shock to tension. You should never use a flirt against an animal that is stuck or has nowhere to move. We recommend starting with a cattle driver who does not have an electric shock. If that doesn`t seem to be working, consider switching to a system that handles electrical currents. There are different types of electric drovers. Their form is often subject to guidelines, which are easy to use and handle. Their length ranges from six inches (usually from a rectangular prism plus sheathed like a stun gun) to six feet.